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Viral-bacterial co-infection in Australian Indigenous children with acute otitis media

Binks, Michael J., Cheng, Allen C., Smith-Vaughan, Heidi C., Sloots, Theo P., Nissen, Michael D., Whiley, David, McDonnell, Joseph and Leach, Amanda J. (2011). Viral-bacterial co-infection in Australian Indigenous children with acute otitis media. BMC Infectious Diseases,11(1):161-168.

Document type: Journal Article
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IRMA ID bsmithxPUB27
NHMRC Grant No. 490317
Title Viral-bacterial co-infection in Australian Indigenous children with acute otitis media
Author Binks, Michael J.
Cheng, Allen C.
Smith-Vaughan, Heidi C.
Sloots, Theo P.
Nissen, Michael D.
Whiley, David
McDonnell, Joseph
Leach, Amanda J.
Journal Name BMC Infectious Diseases
Publication Date 2011
Volume Number 11
Issue Number 1
ISSN 1471-2334   (check CDU catalogue open catalogue search in new window)
Start Page 161
End Page 168
Total Pages 8
Place of Publication United Kingdom
Publisher BioMed Central Ltd.
Abstract Background: Acute otitis media with perforation (AOMwiP) affects 40% of remote Indigenous children during the first 18 months of life. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis are the primary bacterial pathogens of otitis media and their loads predict clinical ear state. Our hypothesis is that antecedent respiratory viral infection increases bacterial density and progression to perforation.

Methods: A total of 366 nasopharyngeal swabs from 114 Indigenous children were retrospectively examined. A panel of 17 respiratory viruses was screened by PCR, and densities of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis were estimated by quantitative real time PCR. Data are reported by clinical ear state.

Results: M. catarrhalis (96%), H. influenzae (91%), S. pneumoniae (89%) and respiratory viruses (59%) were common; including rhinovirus (HRV) (38%), polyomavirus (HPyV) (14%), adenovirus (HAdV) (13%), bocavirus (HBoV) (8%) and coronavirus (HCoV) (4%). Geometric mean bacterial loads were significantly higher in children with acute otitis media (AOM) compared to children without evidence of otitis media. Children infected with HAdV were 3 times more likely (p < 0.001) to have AOM with or without perforation.

Conclusion: This study confirms a positive association between nasopharyngeal bacterial load and clinical ear state, exacerbated by respiratory viruses, in Indigenous children. HAdV was independently associated with acute ear states.
Keywords Viral-bacterial co-infection
Australian Indigenous children
acute otitis media
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis
DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-11-161   (check subscription with CDU E-Gateway service for CDU Staff and Students  check subscription with CDU E-Gateway in new window)


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