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Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults (Review)

Dear, Keith B. G., Andrews, Ross M., Holden, J. and Tatham, D. P. (2003). Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,2003(4 - Article No. CD000422).

Document type: Journal Article
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Title Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults (Review)
Author Dear, Keith B. G.
Andrews, Ross M.
Holden, J.
Tatham, D. P.
Journal Name Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Publication Date 2003
Volume Number 2003
Issue Number 4 - Article No. CD000422
ISSN 1469-493X   (check CDU catalogue open catalogue search in new window)
Total Pages 15
Place of Publication United Kingdom
Publisher John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
HERDC Category C1 - Journal Article (DEST)
Abstract Background
Diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) continue to cause substantial morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines have been developed for over 50 years and may have the potential to prevent disease and death.

Objectives
To assess the effectiveness of polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccination in preventing disease or death in adults.

Search strategy
Trials were identified by electronic searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) issue 2, 2003 (which includes the Cochrane ARI Group's specialised register); MEDLINE (January 1966 to June 2003); and EMBASE (1974 to June 2003). We searched existing literature. The bibliographies of all newly revealed studies were read in order to identify further studies. The vaccine manufacturers, the lead authors of newly identified studies not included in existing meta-analyses were contacted.

Selection criteria
A) Prospective, randomised or quasi-randomised studies comparing pneumococcal vaccines with placebo, control vaccines or no intervention.
B) Case-control studies (including indirect cohort studies) assessing pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness against invasive pneumococcal disease. Cohort studies are excluded.

Data collection and analysis
A) Randomised studies
Trial quality assessment was conducted by two reviewers (JH and DT). Data extraction was done by three reviewers (JH, DT, KD). There were many instances of unclear or incomplete data in the trial reports, and the final dataset was arrived at after much deliberation and discussion, including comparison with the data used in two previous reviews of this question. Due to the age of the trials (dating back to 1954 in one case) it was not generally possible to obtain clarification from the authors, though a partial clarification was achieved in one case.
B) Non-randomised studies
Study quality was assessed by two reviewers (RA and KD).

Main results
The combined results from the randomised studies fail to show that the polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine is effective in preventing either pneumonia (outcome 6: odds ratio = 0.77, confidence interval 0.58, 1.02, number = 14) or death (outcome 8: odds ratio 0.90, confidence interval 0.76, 1.07, number = 11). Despite encouraging data from some very early trials, pooling trials published from 1977 on suggests there is no effect (outcome 6; odds ratio = 0.96, confidence interval 0.80, 1.15, number = 12; outcome 9: odds ratio = 0.98, confidence interval 0.88, 1.09, number = 10). The available data cannot distinguish whether this heterogeneity in results is due to improvements in trial methodology and reporting, to differences in trial setting or to real loss of efficacy over time. This is because the early, poorly reported trials were conducted in high-risk healthy populations where the expected benefit is greatest.
The case-control studies show significant efficacy in preventing invasive pneumococcal disease: OR 0.47 (CI 0.37, 0.59) corresponding to an efficacy of 53%.

Authors' conclusions
While polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines do not appear to reduce the incidence of pneumonia or death in adults with or without chronic illness, or in the elderly (55 years and above), the evidence from non-randomised studies suggests that the vaccines are effective in the reducing the incidence of the more specific outcome, invasive pneumococcal disease, among adults and the immunocompetent elderly (55 years and above). Surveillance data suggest that infection rates vary widely between and also within countries, but a typical figure in developed countries is 0.01%, or 10 per 100,000 per year. Efficacy of 50% then corresponds to a number-needed-to-treat (NNT) of 20,000 vaccinations per infection avoided, and perhaps 50,000 per death avoided.
Keywords Adult
Australian
Chronic Illness
Cohort Studies
Death
Diseases
Epidemiology
extraction
Illness
Infection
Lead
Meta-Analysis
DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000422   (check subscription with CDU E-Gateway service for CDU Staff and Students  check subscription with CDU E-Gateway in new window)


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