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The Effect of Insecticide Synergists on the Response of Scabies Mites to Pyrethroid Acaricides

Pasay, Cielo, Arlian, Larry, Morgan, Marjorie, Gunning, Robin, Rossiter, Louise, Holt, Deborah C., Walton, Shelley, Beckham, Simone and McCarthy, James (2009). The Effect of Insecticide Synergists on the Response of Scabies Mites to Pyrethroid Acaricides. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases,3(1):e354.

Document type: Journal Article
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IRMA ID 75039815xPUB210
Title The Effect of Insecticide Synergists on the Response of Scabies Mites to Pyrethroid Acaricides
Author Pasay, Cielo
Arlian, Larry
Morgan, Marjorie
Gunning, Robin
Rossiter, Louise
Holt, Deborah C.
Walton, Shelley
Beckham, Simone
McCarthy, James
Journal Name PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
Publication Date 2009
Volume Number 3
Issue Number 1
ISSN 1935-2735   (check CDU catalogue open catalogue search in new window)
Start Page e354
Total Pages 8
Place of Publication San Francisco, CA, United States
Publisher Public Library of Science
HERDC Category C1 - Journal Article (DEST)
Abstract Background: Permethrin is the active component of topical creams widely used to treat human scabies. Recent evidence has demonstrated that scabies mites are becoming increasingly tolerant to topical permethrin and oral ivermectin. An effective approach to manage pesticide resistance is the addition of synergists to counteract metabolic resistance. Synergists are also useful for laboratory investigation of resistance mechanisms through their ability to inhibit specific metabolic pathways.

Methodology/Principal Findings: To determine the role of metabolic degradation as a mechanism for acaricide resistance in scabies mites, PBO (piperonyl butoxide), DEF (S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate) and DEM (diethyl maleate) were first tested for synergistic activity with permethrin in a bioassay of mite killing. Then, to investigate the relative role of specific metabolic pathways inhibited by these synergists, enzyme assays were developed to measure esterase, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (cytochrome P450) activity in mite extracts. A statistically significant difference in median survival time of permethrin-resistant Sarcoptes scabiei variety canis was noted when any of the three synergists were used in combination with permethrin compared to median survival time of mites exposed to permethrin alone (p<0.0001). Incubation of mite homogenates with DEF showed inhibition of esterase activity (37%); inhibition of GST activity (73%) with DEM and inhibition of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity (81%) with PBO. A 7-fold increase in esterase activity, a 4-fold increase in GST activity and a 2-fold increase in cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity were observed in resistant mites compared to sensitive mites.

Conclusions: These findings indicate the potential utility of synergists in reversing resistance to pyrethroid-based acaricides and suggest a significant role of metabolic mechanisms in mediating pyrethroid resistance in scabies mites.
Keywords insecticide
synergists
response
scabies
mites
Pyrethroid Acaricides
DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000354   (check subscription with CDU E-Gateway service for CDU Staff and Students  check subscription with CDU E-Gateway in new window)


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